雅思阅读题型解析之句子匹配题
1 匹配的分类：人名匹配，分类匹配，句子匹配（最难）
2 句子匹配找定位看题干还是选项？看题干哦，毕竟选项多，多了干扰项。
3 句子匹配八成是顺序的，可以两道题一起看带入原文
4 句子匹配选了一个就可以直接叉掉了，不会重复选。
5 句子匹配读题干注意逗号；注意否定，容易出正反陷阱；可以利用感情倾向，是积极还是消极；
6 句子匹配例题剑11-test3-passage2:(这个题目里面有correct ending就是句子匹配题)
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.
Drag the correct letter, A-G, into boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
19 According to Dingle, migratory routes are likely to
20 To prepare for migration, animals are likely to
21 During migration, animals are unlikely to
22 Arctic terns illustrate migrating animals' ability to
A. be discouraged by difficulties.
B. travel on open land where they can look out for predators.
C. eat more than they need for immediate purposes.
D. be repeated daily.
E. ignore distractions.
F. be governed by the availability of water.
G. follow a straight line.
解析：
19题正确答案是G， 用Dingle卡原文的大方向，然后用routes来找。根据主谓逻辑，我们哪怕不看原文可以直接排除掉B,C,E，因为路线不可能做这些事情。其实D也可以排除，根据尝试，日常迁移一次也很奇怪呀。
20题正确答案是C 定位词 prepare， migration，
21题正确答案是A 定位词migration，animals, 和unlikely,注意否定是一定要标出来的，可以标个小叉叉，这道题学生容易选错成E， 这个正反刚好绕了一下，注意哦
22题正确答案是E 定位词 Arctic terns
原文：
Animal migration, however it is defined, is far more than just the movement of animals. It can loosely be described as travel that takes place at regular intervals - often in an annual cycle - that may involve many members of a species, and is rewarded only after a long journey.It suggests inherited instinct. The biologist Hugh Dingle has identified five characteristics that apply, in varying degrees and combinations, to all migrations. They are prolonged movements that carry animals outside familiar habitats; they tend to be linear, not zigzaggy; they involve special behaviours concerning preparation (such as overfeeding) and arrival; they demand special allocations of energy.And one more: migrating animals maintain an intense attentiveness to the greater mission, which keeps them undistracted by temptations and undeterred by challenges that would turn other animals aside.
An arctic tern, on its 20,000 km flight from the extreme south of South America to the Arctic circle, will take no notice of a nice smelly herring offered from a bird-watcher's boat along the way. While local gulls will dive voraciously for such handouts, the tern flies on. Why? The arctic tern resists distraction because it is driven at that moment by aninstinctive sense of something we humans find admirable: larger purpose. In other words, it is determined to reach its destination. The bird senses that it can eat, rest and mate later. Right now it is totally focused on the journey; its undivided intent is arrival. Reaching some gravelly coastline in the Arctic, upon which other arctic terns have converged, will serve its larger purpose as shaped by evolution: finding a place, a time, and a set of circumstances in which it can successfullyhatch and rear offspring.
But migration is a complex issue, and biologists define it differently, depending in part on what sorts of animals they study. Joel Berger, of the University of Montana, who works on the American pronghorn and other large terrestrial mammals, prefers what he calls a simple, practical definition suited to his beasts: 'movements from a seasonal home area away to another home area and back again'. Generally the reason for such seasonal back-and-forth movement is to seek resources that aren't available within a single area year-round.
But daily vertical movements by zooplankton in the ocean - upward by night to seek food, downward by day to escape predators - can also be considered migration. So can the movement of aphids when, having depleted the young leaves on one food plant, their offspring then fly onward to a different host plant, with no one aphid ever returning to where it started.
Dingle is an evolutionary biologist who studies insects. His definition is more intricate than Berger's, citing those five features that distinguishmigration from other forms of movement. They allow for the fact that, for example, aphids will become sensitive to blue light (from the sky) when it's time for takeoff on their big journey, and sensitive to yellow light (reflected from tender young leaves) when it's appropriate to land.Birds will fatten themselves with heavy feeding in advance of a long migrational flight. The value of his definition, Dingle argues, is that it focuses attention on what the phenomenon of wildebeest migrationshares with the phenomenon of the aphids, and therefore helps guide researchers towards understanding how evolution has produced them all.
Human behaviour, however, is having a detrimental impact on animalmigration. The pronghorn, which resembles an antelope, though they are unrelated, is the fastest land mammal of the New World. One population, which spends the summer in the mountainous Grand Teton National Park of the western USA, follows a narrow route from its summer range in the mountains, across a river, and down onto the plains. Here they wait out the frozen months, feeding mainly on sagebrush blown clear of snow. These pronghorn are notable for the invariance of their migration route and the severity of its constriction at three bottlenecks. If they can't pass through each of the three during their spring migration, they can't reach their bounty of summer grazing;if they can't pass through again in autumn, escaping south onto those windblown plains, they are likely to die trying to overwinter in the deep snow. Pronghorn, dependent on distance vision and speed to keep safe from predators, traverse high, open shoulders of land, where they can see and run. At one of the bottlenecks, forested hills rise to form a V, leaving a corridor of open ground only about 150 metres wide, filled with private homes. Increasing development is leading toward a crisis for the pronghorn, threatening to choke off their passageway.
Conservation scientists, along with some biologists and land managers within the USA's National Park Service and other agencies, are now working to preserve migrational behaviours, not just species and habitats. A National Forest has recognised the path of the pronghorn, much of which passes across its land, as a protected migrationcorridor. But neither the Forest Service nor the Park Service can control what happens on private land at a bottleneck. And with certain other migrating species, the challenge is complicated further - by vastly greater distances traversed, more jurisdictions, more borders, more dangers along the way. We will require wisdom and resoluteness to ensure that migrating species can continue their journeying a while longer.
句子匹配例子二：剑10test4passage3
Question 32-36
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.
Drag the correct letter, A-G, into boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.
32 For a long time biologists rejected
33 Opposing views on evolutionary throwbacks are represented by
34 Examples of evolutionary throwbacks have led to
35 The shark and killer whale are mentioned to exemplify
36 One explanation for the findings of Wagner's research is
A. the question of how certain long-lost trails could reappear.
B. the occurrence of a particular feature in different species.
C. parallels drawn between behaviour and appearance.
D. the continued existence of certain genetic information.
E. the doubts felt about evolutionary throwbacks.
F. the possibility of evolution being reversible.
G. Dollo's findings and the convictions held by Lombroso.
分析：
这里的31题选F，定位原文看到了The description of any animal as an 'evolutionary throwback’ is controversial. For the better part of a century, most biologists have been reluctant to use those words, mindful of a principle of evolutionthat says ‘evolution cannot run backwards’. 题干的For a long time对应原文For the better part of a century，题干的reject对应原文been reluctant to， 说明答案应该是和后面的use those words有关，这里有个指代，those words 是指evolutionary throwback。 有同学会误以为选E，这里是doubt，注意这里又是正反考你，绕了几圈。拒绝题目中已经有了，不需要再说质疑相关的词。
这里的33题选G，哪怕不看原文也能选，因为views只能人有，而且这里的opposing views 这里有复数，说明有匹配的里面有两个人或以上的人。那更加是G了
原文：
The description of any animal as an 'evolutionary throwback’ is controversial. For the better part of a century, most biologists have been reluctant to use those words, mindful of a principle of evolutionthat says ‘evolution cannot run backwards’.But as more and more examples come to light and modern genetics enters the scene,that principle is having to be rewritten. Not only are evolutionary throwbacks possible, they sometimes play an important role in the forward march of evolution.
The technical term for an evolutionary throwback is an ‘atavism’, from the Latin atavus, meaning forefather. The word has ugly connotations thanks largely to Cesare Lombroso, a 19th-century Italian medic who argued that criminals were born not made and could be identified by certain physical features that were throwbacks to a primitive, sub-human state.
While Lombroso was measuring criminals, a Belgian palaeontologistcalled Louis Dollo was studying fossil records and coming to the opposite conclusion.In 1890 he proposed that evolution was irreversible: that ‘an organism is unable to return, even partially, to a previous stage already realised in the ranks of its ancestors’. Early 20th-century biologists came to a similar conclusion, though they qualified it in terms of probability, stating that there is no reason whyevolution cannot run backwards—it is just very unlikely. And so the idea of irreversibility in evolution stuck and came to be known as ‘Dollo’s law’.
If Dollo’s law is right, atavisms should occur only very rarely, if at all.Yet almost since the idea took root, exceptions have been cropping up.In 1919, for example, a humpback whale with a pair of leg-like appendages over a metre long, complete with a full set of limb bones, was caught off Vancouver Island in Canada. Explorer Roy Chapman Andrews argued at the time that the whale must be a throwback to a land-living ancestor. ‘I can see no other explanation,’ he wrote in 1921.
Since then, so many other examples have been discovered that it no longer makes sense to say that evolution is as good as irreversible.And this poses a puzzle: how can characteristics that disappeared millions of years ago suddenly reappear? In 1994, Rudolf Raff and colleagues at Indiana University in the USA decided to use genetics to put a number on the probability of evolution going into reverse. They reasoned that while some evolutionary changes involve the loss of genes and are therefore irreversible, others may be the result of genes being switched off. If these silent genes are somehow switched back on, they argued, long-lost traits could reappear.
Raff's team went on to calculate the likelihood of it happening. Silent genes accumulate random mutations, they reasoned, eventuallyrendering them useless. So how long can a gene survive in a species if it is no longer used? The team calculated that there is a good chance of silent genes surviving for up to 6 million years in e a few individuals in a population, and that some might survive as long as 10 million years. In other words, throwbacks are possible, but only to therelatively recent evolutionary past.
As a possible example, the team pointed to the mole salamanders of Mexico and California. Like most amphibians these begin life in ajuvenile ‘tadpole’ state, then metamorphose into the adult form—except for one species, the axolotl, which famously lives its entire life as ajuvenile. The simplest explanation for this is that the axolotl lineagealone lost the ability to metamorphose, while others retained it. From a detailed analysis of the salamanders' family tree, however, it is clear that the other lineages evolved from an ancestor that itself had lost the ability to metamorphose. In other words, metamorphosis in molesalamanders is an atavism. The salamander example fits with Raff’s 10-million-year time frame.
More recently, however, examples have been reported that break the time limit, suggesting that silent genes may not be the whole story. In a paper published last year, biologist Gunter Wagner of Yale University reported some work on the evolutionary history of a group of South American lizards called Bachia. Many of these have minuscule limbs; some look more like snakes than lizards and a few have completely lost the toes on their hind limbs. Other species, however, sport up to four toes on their hind legs. The simplest explanation is that the toed lineages never lost their toes, but Wagner begs to differ. According to his analysis of the Bachia family tree, the toed species re-evolved toes from toeless ancestors and, what is more, digit loss and gain has occurred on more than one occasion over tens of millions of years.
So what's going on? One possibility is that these traits are lost and then simply reappear, in much the same way that similar structures can independently arise in unrelated species, such as the dorsal fins of sharks and killer whales. Another more intriguing possibility is that thegenetic information needed to make toes somehow survived for tens or perhaps hundreds of millions of years in the lizards and was reactivated. These atavistic traits provided an advantage and spread through the population, effectively reversing evolution.
But if silent genes degrade within 6 to 10 million years, how can long-lost traits be reactivated over longer timescales? The answer may lie in the womb. Early embryos of many species develop ancestral features.Snake embryos, for example,sprout hind limb buds. Later in development these features disappear thanks to developmental programs that say ‘lose the leg’. If for any reason this does not happen, the ancestral feature may not disappear, leading to an atavism.
如果你想了解更多雅思托福课程，留学规划或者有任何疑问，欢迎联系新航道重庆学校。
新航道重庆学校官网：cq.xhd.cn
新航道重庆学校官方电话：400-185-9090
推荐阅读：
一起来唠唠出国留学英国后的那些“坑”，用自己的血泪教训给大家排个雷~
关于QS排名前100的澳洲院校的花费大全来啦，想去这些学校的小伙伴们有没有准备好钱包呀？
