2023年7月一共5场雅思纸笔考试，四场考试难度有一定的差异。接下来新航道重庆学校雅思阅读老师整理了7月所有纸笔考试中阅读文章话题和题型并给出同学们备考建议。

　　1. 文章话题和题型

　　2. 各题型占比

　　7月1日Passage 1：关于古代社会分类从本文话题来看，涉及历史社会类文章话题生僻词较多，大家可以参考剑13 Test3 Passage3 Whatever happened to the Harappan Civilization?Passage 2：关于积极、消极情绪对于人类情绪研究的文章爱不释手，早在2015年3月21日、2015年12月19日、2021年6月12日、2022年1月22日频频出现，大家可以参考剑桥13 Test1 Passage2 Why being bored is stimulating and useful too来熟悉情绪类相关话题文章。Passage 3：关于伏尼契手稿考古类话题词汇生僻词较多，需要大家多熟悉话题词汇哦。

　　7月8日Passage 1：关于家庭友好型工作的讨论又是少见的匹配组合出现在了第一篇，这可是今年第三次出现喽，大家一定要多多注意此类题型组合的做题顺序安排，此外本篇文章围绕家庭友好型工作展开讨论，是一篇典型的议论文章。Passage 2：关于名人人物传记类体裁类文章，早在今年3月、6月都考过此类话题文章，剑雅真题中比如：剑5 test1 passage1，剑9 test1 passage1，以及剑9 test 4 passage1。

　　7月15日Passage 1：关于新西兰纪录片制作人介绍，这篇文章围绕新西兰纪录片制片人展开介绍，人物传记类文章真的在今年频频出现，文章简单易懂，主要是两种主线展开，一种是根据人物一生的时间线进行描述，另一种是根据主人公所在的专业领域发展时间线进行描述，该类文章常常在第一篇驾到。Passage 2：关于猛犸象，考过n次的Mammoth 猛犸象话题在动物类话题文章中做到了年年打卡的程度... 于2014年6月7日、2019年1月12日、2020年8月6日、2022年5月12日、2023年4月1日均出现了关于猛犸象的话题文章，每次“新瓶装老酒“，爸爸的套路那叫一个不地道，那小航自然就要把宝宝们“喂饱”，生物类高频话题词汇已经附在下面喽～大家也可以参考C15-T2-P2参考此类话题文章。

　　7月22日阅读Passage 1：慢食Slow food organization常规组合填空和判断，Passage 2难度较大，所以即将要考试的小伙伴们，还希望大家做好时间训练，第三篇还好有单选和填空的辅助，还是能有落脚之处。

　　7月29日Passage 1考察填空+判断的常规题型组合。本篇文章主要围绕儿童行为发展对犯罪的影响，从题材上看，本文与C14-Test1-Passage1----THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN’S PLAY非常相似,叙事线素非常分明，全文都没有太过艰深曲折的长难句子，是一篇比较简单的说明文。Passage 3：关于太平洋航海可以参考C10-Test3-Passage3 Beyond the blue horizon航海探索来熟悉该类话题文章哦

　　3. 真题信息

　　7月1日passage1原文参考

　　READING PASSAGE 1

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

　　Ancient SOCIEFIES Classification

　　A

　　Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history sociologists and anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige or power, and usually refer to four basic types of societies. From least to most socially complex they are clans, tribes, chiefdoms and states.

　　Clan

　　B

　　These are small-scale societies of hunters and gatherers, generally of fewer than 100 people, who move seasonally to exploit wild (undomesticated) food resources. Most surviving hunter-gatherer groups are of this kind, such as the Hadza of Tanzania of the San of southern Africa. Clan members are generally kinsfolk, related by descent or marriage. Clans lack formal leaders, so there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status among their members.

　　C

　　Because clans are composed of mobile groups of hunter-gatherers, their sites consist mainly of seasonally occupied camps, and other smaller and more specialised sites. Among the latter are kill or butchery sites – locations where large mammals are killed and sometimes butchered-and work sites, where tools are made or other specific activities carried out. The base camp of such a group may give evidence of rather insubstantial dwellings or temporary shelters, along with the debris of residential occupation.

　　Tribe

　　D

　　These are generally larger than mobile hunter-gatherer groups, but rarely number more than a few thousand, and their diet or subsistence is based largely on cultivated plants and domesticated animals.

　　Typically, they have settled farmers, but they may be nomadic with a very different, mobile economy based on the intensive exploitation of livestock. These are generally multi-community societies, with the individual communities integrated into the large society through kinship ties. Although some tribes have officials and even a “capital” or seat of government, such officials lack the economic base necessary for effective use of power.

　　E

　　The typical settlement pattern for tribes is one of settled agricultural homesteads or villages. Characteristically, no one settlement dominates any of the others in the region. Instead, the archaeologist finds evidence for isolated, permanently occupied houses or for permanent villages. Such villages may be made up of a collection of free-standing houses, like those of the first farms of the Danube valley in Europe. Or they may be clusters of buildings grouped together, for example, the pueblos of the American Southwest, and the early farming village or the small town of Catalhoyuk in modern Turkey.

　　Chiefdom

　　F

　　These operate on the principle of ranking-differences in social status between people. Different lineages (a lineage is a group claiming descent from a common ancestor) are graded on a scale of prestige, and the senior lineage, and hence the society as a whole, is governed by a chief. Prestige and rank are determined by how closely related one is to the chief, and there is no true stratification into classes. The role of the chief is crucial.

　　G

　　Often, there is local specialization in craft products, and surpluses of these and of foodstuffs are periodically paid as an obligation to the chief. He uses these to maintain his retainers and may use them for redistribution to his subjects. The chiefdom generally has a center of power, often with temples, residences of the chief and his retainers, and craft specialists. Chiefdoms vary greatly in size, but the range is generally between about 5000 and 20,000 persons.

　　Early State

　　H

　　These preserve many of the features of chiefdoms, but the ruler (perhaps a king or sometimes a queen) has explicit authority to establish laws and also to enforce them by the use of a standing army. Society no longer depends totally upon kin relationships: it is now stratified into different classes. Agricultural workers and the poorer urban dwellers form the lowest classes, with the craft specialists above, and the priests and kinsfolk of the ruler higher still. The functions of the ruler are often separated from those of the priest: the palace is distinguished from the temple. The society is viewed as a territory owned by the ruling lineage and populated by tenants who have an obligation to pay taxes. The central capital houses a bureaucratic administration of officials; one of their principal purposes is to collect revenue (often in the form of taxes and tolls) and distribute it to government, army and craft specialists. Many early states developed complex redistribution systems to support these essential services.

　　I

　　This rather simple social typology, set out by Elman Service and elaborated by William Sanders and Joseph Marino, can be criticised, and it should not be used unthinkingly. Nevertheless, if we are seeking to talk about early societies, we must use words and hence concepts to do so. Service’s categories provide a good framework to help organise our thoughts.

　　Questions 1-7

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

　　In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write

　　TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

　　FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

　　NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

　　1 There’s little economic difference between members of a clan.

　　2 The farmers of a tribe grow a wide range of plants.

　　3 One settlement is more important than any other settlements in a tribe.

　　4 A member’s status in a chiefdom is determined by how much land he owns.

　　5 There are people who craft goods in chiefdoms.

　　6 The king keeps the order of a state by keeping a military.

　　7 Bureaucratic officers receive higher salaries than other members.

　　Questions 8-13

　　Answer the questions below.

　　Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.

　　8 What is made at the clan work sites?

　　9 What is the other way of life tribes besides settled farming?

　　10 How are Catalhoyuk’s housing units arranged?

　　11 What does a chief give to his subjects as rewards besides crafted goods?

　　12 What is the largest possible population of a chiefdom?

　　13 Which group of people is at the bottom of an early state but higher than the farmers?

　　7月15日passage2原文参考

　　READING PASSAGE 1

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

　　Mammoth Kill

　　Mammoth is any species of the extinct genus Mammuthus, proboscideans commonly equipped with long, curved tusks and in northern species, a covering of long hair. They lived from the Ptiocene epoch from around 5 million years ago, into the Hotocene at about 4,500 years ago, and were members of the family Elephantidae, which contains, along with mammoths, the two genera of modern elephants and their ancestors.

　　A. Like their modern relatives, mammoths were quite large. The largest known species reached heights in the region of 4m at the shoulder and weights up t0 8 tonnes, while exceptionally large males may have exceeded 12 tonnes. However, most species of mammoth were only about as large as a modern Asian elephant. Both sexes bore tusks. A first, small set appeared at about the age of six months and these were replaced at about 18 months by the permanent set. Growth of the permanent set was at a rate of about l t0 6 inches per year. Based on studies of their close relatives, the modem elephants, mammoths probably had a gestation period of 22 months, resulting in a single calf being born. Their social structure was probably the same as that of African and Asian elephants, with females living in herds headed by a matriarch, whilst hulls lived solitary lives or formed loose groups after sexual maturity.

　　B. MEXICO CITY-Although it’s hard to imagine in this age of urban sprawl and automobiles, North America once belonged to mammoths, camels, ground sloths as large as cows, bear-size beavers and other formidable beasts. Some 11,000 years ago, however, these large bodied mammals and others-about 70 species in all-disappeared. Their demise coincided roughly with the arrival of humans in the New World and dramatic climatic change-factors that have inspired several theories about the die-off. Yet despite decades of scientific investigation, the exact cause remains a mystery. Now new findings offer support to one of these controversial hypotheses: that human hunting drove this megafaunal menagerie to extinction. The overkill model emerged in the 1960s, when it was put forth by Paul S. Martin of the University of Arizona. Since then, critics have charged that no evidence exists to support the idea that the first Americans hunted to the extent necessary to cause these extinctions. But at the annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Mexico City last October, paleoecologist John Alroy of the University of California at Santa Barbara argued that, in fact, hunting-driven extinction is not only plausible, it was unavoidable. He has determined, using a computer simulation that even a very modest amount of hunting would have wiped these animals out.

　　C. Assuming an initial human population of 100 people that grew no more than 2 percent annually, Alroy determined that if each band of, say, 50 people killed 15 to 20 large mammals a year, humans could have eliminated the animal populations within 1,000 years. Large mammals in particular would have been vulnerable to the pressure because they have longer gestation periods than smaller mammals and their young require extended care.

　　D. Not everyone agrees with Alroy’s assessment. For one, the results depend in part on population-size estimates for the extinct animals-figures that are not necessarily reliable. But a more specific criticism comes from mammalogist Ross D. E. MacPhee of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, who points out that the relevant archaeological record contains barely a dozen examples of stone points embedded in mammoth bones (and none, it should be noted, are known from other megafaunal remains)-hardly what one might expect if hunting drove these animals to extinction. Furthermore, some of these species had huge rangesthe giant Jefferson’s ground sloth, for example, lived as far north as the Yukon and as far south as Mexicowhich would have made slaughtering them in numbers sufficient to cause their extinction rather implausible, he says.

　　E. MacPhee agrees that humans most likely brought about these extinctions (as well as others around the world that coincided with human arrival), but not directly. Rather he suggests that people may have introduced hyperlethal disease, perhaps through their dogs or hitchhiking vermin, which then spread wildly among the immunologically naive species of the New World. As in the overkill model, populations of large mammals would have a harder time recovering. Repeated outbreaks of a hyperdisease could thus quickly drive them to the point of no return. So far MacPhee does not have empirical evidence for the hyperdisease hypothesis, and it won’t be easy to come by: hyperlethal disease would kill far too quickly to leave its signature on the bones themselves. But he hopes that analyses of tissue and DNA from the last mammoths to perish will eventually reveal murderous microbes.

　　F. The third explanation for what brought on this North American extinction does not involve human beings. Instead, its proponents blame the loss on the weather. The Pleistocene epoch witnessed considerable climatic instability, explains paleontologist Russell W. Graham of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. As a result, certain habitats disappeared, and species that had once formed communities split apart. For some animals, this change brought opportunity. For much of the megafauna, however, the increasingly homogeneous environment left them with shrinking geographical ranges-a death sentence for large animals, which need large ranges. Although these creatures managed to maintain viable populations through most of the Pleistocene, the final major fluctuation-the so-called Younger Dryas eventpushed them over the edge, Graham says. For his part, Alroy is convinced that human hunters demolished the titans of the Ice Age. The overkill model explains everything the disease and climate scenarios explain, he asserts, and makes accurate predictions about which species would eventually go extinct. “Personally, I’m a vegetarian,” he remarks, “and I find all of this kind of grossbut believable.”

　　QUESTIONS

　　Questions 14-20 Summary Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.

　　The reason why big size mammals extincted 11,000 years ago is under hot debate. First explanation is that 14 …………………. of human made it happen. This so called 15 …………………. began from 1960s suggested by an expert, who however received criticism of lack of further information. Another assumption is that deadly 16 …………………. from human causes their demises. MacPhee, who supported this idea, suggested that he required 17 …………………. to testify its validity. Graham proposed a third hypothesis that 18 …………………. in Pleistocene epoch drove some species disappear, reduced 19 …………………. posed a dangerous signal to these giants, and 20 …………………. finally wiped them out.

　　Questions 21-26 Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet.

　　NB you may use any letter more than once

　　A John Alroy

　　B Ross D. E. MacPhee

　　C Russell W. Graham

　　21 Human hunting well explained which species would finally disappear.

　　22 Further grounded proof needed to explain human’s indirect impact on mammals.

　　23 Over hunting situation has caused the die-out of large mammals.

　　24 Illness rather than hunting caused extensive extinction.

　　25 Doubt raised through the study of several fossil records.

　　26 Climate shift is the main reason of extinction.