今天我们要看到是托福阅读当中的一类难题，修辞目的题它的难点以及解决方案。耐心往下看就能解答你有关对修辞目的题的疑问。

1.出题形式

Why does the author mention xx?

Why does the authorinclude xx?

2.考点

考点: 作者的观点，写这个例子的出发点。

3.解题方法

解题方法:重点看例子的前一句的观点;快速找段落的论点;看例子的后一句话的观点。

4.难点

难点: 找不到观点的表达;论点与例子离太远，那今天分别针对不同基础的学生给出了两种解决方案

5.解决方案

1.学习一些阅读中opinion标志词汇(情态动词:评价性语言;虚拟语气)或者也可以反向思维，举例子，实验过程的内容属于细节可以快速阅读过滤。

2.改变阅读方向，不能孤立地只看例子附近信息。正确方法: 从段首开始快速读文章，抓住段落的结构再重点考虑例子附近的观点

例题 1: 找到例子前面的观点表达就可以轻松选择答案

Paragraph 5: Dependence on long-distance trade also meant that the great empires of the Middle East were built both literally and figuratively on shifting sand. The central state though often very rich and very populous, was intrinsically fragile, since the development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary base and erode state power, as occurred when European seafarers circumvented Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco da Gama's voyage around Africa in the late fifteenth century opened up a southern route. The ecology of the region also permitted armed predators to prowl the surrounding barrens，which were almost impossible for a state to control. Periphera peoples therefore had a great advantage in their dealings with the center,making government authority insecure and anxious.

12.ln paragraph 5, why does the author mention the new trade route opened up by Vasco da Gama's fifteenth century voyage around Africa?

A.To provide evidence that European seafarers took every opportunity to bypass Middle Eastern merchants;

B.To present an instance in which Middle Eastern states lost money and power because oftheir reliance on long-distance trade;

C.To argue this new route became necessary when European seafarers wanted to avoid Middle Eastern states whose centra powerhad begun to erode;

D.To explain how da Gama helped European traders avoid the dangerous predators prowling the areas surrounding Middle Eastern cities.

解析:提及到的信息已经被高亮出来了，你能够找到信息前面出现的观点吗? often very rich and very populous, was intrinsically fragile,could undermine the monetary base.在这些信息中有大 量的评价性语言 populous， fragile，也出现了情态动词 could undermine。所以我们得到了作者写这句话的立场，就是认为新航线会给依赖贸易的国家地区带来经济方面的打击。所以答案选项B。

例题2: 找到例子前的表达没有直接得到答案，答案在段落的核心立场表达中。

The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth.Thenineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries,with progressive democratization taking place in all of them.They were reasonably well governed,without notable corruption or grandiose state projects,although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As smal countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden.In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth resultingin anew class ofpeasantlandowners with a definite market orientation.

9.The authorincludes the information that "a protectionist movement developedin Sweden"in order to

A. support the claim that the politicalinstitutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers toindustrialization or economicgrowth;

B.identify an exception to the general trend favoring liberal trade policy;

C.explain why Sweden industrialized less quickly than the other Scandinavian countries and Netherlands;

D.provide evidence that agricultural reforms take place more quickly in countries that have a liberaltrade policy than in those that do not.

解析:这道题如果还是按照刚刚的做法去看例子前面的观点表达，同学们会找到they follow aliberaltrade policy.但是选项没有与这个信息的直接对应。所以这时候不得不扩大阅读的范围，想一想例子还有支撑段落核心大意的情况。所以我们为了避免这种情况的发生。推荐大家即使是单独练习题型，也要从段落段首开始阅读，观察段落的主旨再来细看例子前后有没有更加紧密的观点表达。所以这道题往前看段落大意应该是: The politicalinstitutions ofthe four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth.这几个国际的政治机构制度都没有给工业化和经济发展造成很大的阻碍，所以答案选择A选项

接下来给大家留一道作业。在作业当中大家需要找出作者态度表达的句子，并且分析判断这道题的出题角度是一个细节的观点还是整段话的段落大意。

作业:

Scientists try to document as many past El Nino events as possible by piecing together bits of historical evidence, such as sea-surface temperature records, daily observations of atmospheric pressure and rainfall, fisheries' records from South America, and the writings of Spanish colonists dating back to the fifteenth century. From such historical evidence we know that El Ninos have occurred as far back as records go lt would seem that they are becoming more frequent. Records indicate that during the sixteenth century, an El Nino occurred on average every six years. Evidence gathered over the past average a little over every two years. Even more alarming is the fact that they appear to be getting stronger. The 1997-1998 El Nino brought copious and damaging rainfall to the southern United States, from California to Florida Snowstorms in the northeast portion of the United States were more frequent andintense thanin most years.

3.Why does the author include the information that in 1997-1998"Snowstorms in the northeast portion of the United States were more frequent and intense than in most years"?

A. To provide evidence supporting the claim that El Ninos are getting stronger;

B.To explain why the southern United States experienceo copiousand damaging rainfallin 1997-1998;

C. To show that traditional methods are not adequate for docum、enting the effects of El Nios;

D.To identify a consequence of the fact that El Ninos are now occurring alittle over once every two years.

以上托福阅读教研内容由新航道重庆学校阅读主讲冯诗瑜老师提供！