在考生在托福的备考过程当中会发现:出题人对于生物类题材的考查不仅仅贯穿听、说、读、写四科,而且可以算是所有的学科题材中考查频率相对较高的类型。
具体到我们今天讨论的口语上, 托福口语task 4以及task 6中均会大量出现对于基本生物题材的考查,题目会涉及:动物的习性、动物的生存环境、物种之间的差异等等。很多考生会觉得太过复杂、无从下手。那么有没有相对比较概括、方便的答题思路呢?
下面我们来看一下生物类的三大常见话题(也叫“CPA黄金法则”)
题材一:《Capture preys(捕捉猎物) 》
“捕捉猎物”在考试中出现的频率非常高,并且经常将这个讨论点作为基础,进而讨论到动物的适应性、物种迁徙等热点话题。我们以下面这道题的音频材料作为例子:
“..Some birds have eyes that face forward on the skull, kind of similar to how humans'eyes are positioned.Forward-facing eyes allow a bird to clearly see and judge distances…One type of bird with eyes positioned in the front of the skull is the hawk.Hawk seat animals like mice.Hawks have such good eyesight that they can spot a tiny mouse in the field from high up in the air.They spot the mouse and swoop down to catch it.Without such good eyesight, they would not be able to spot or catch their food.”(段落大意:很多鸟类会通过“前视型”双眼来帮助自己捕
捉猎物, 比如北美常见的鹰(hawk) 。他们可以通过“前视型”双眼从高空准确定位地上的猎物,进而进行捕捉)。
可以看出,本段材料核心的论点在于“XXX帮助动物进行捕捉”。因此我们可以将“capture prey”作为主体, 进行整体的复述,范本如下:
Since the hawks could use this feature to_see things more clearly and accurate__, it is easier for them to spot mice(preys) on the ground from the sky and then swoop(dive) down and capture the prey.
题材二:《Protect themselves from predators(躲避天敌)》
“躲避天敌“可以视作是“捕捉猎物”的逆向讨论点。而且在这种题目当中,我们通常会发现动物将运用各种“特别的技巧(special features) ”来保护自己, 比如下面这个例子:
“...it turns out that quite along time ago, …things on the grassy plains used to be very different for the Pronghorns, because back then, lions used to live on the plains, chasing and preying upon the Pronghorns, and lions, of course, area very swift-moving mammal, …the lions were there chasing the Pronghorns.So back then, the Pronghorn's speed was critical to its survival.”
(段落大意:在很久之前,北美草原上的生态环境跟现在很不一样,那个时候平原上有狮子生活,同时狮子是大角羊的主要天敌之一。由于狮子本身的奔跑速度很快,因此,为了能够躲避狮子的捕捉,大角羊也进化出了很快的奔跑速度来躲避天敌。)
因此,基于本题的核心论点“奔跑速度可以有效帮助大角羊躲避天敌”,我们可以得到以下的一个此类型的答题范本:
As lions were living the grassy plains before, and they were the
major predators of the pronghorns.To escape to predation of this fast moving mammal, pronghorn developed this body feature to avoid being capture and survive longer.
总结起来,我们这里所提到的前两种讨论角度都集中在动物的捕食及被捕食性上,那么有没有除此之外的讨论点呢?
题材3:《adapt to extreme environments(适应环境)》
俗话说“适者生存”,在动物世界中更是如此。托福考官对于环境适应方面的考查非常执着,究其原因,不仅仅是因为环境问题可以考查的种类很多(严寒、酷暑、高山、深海),同时还能从侧面考查同学对于学科单词以及表达法的积累。如下题:
“For example, in the Sahara Desert, in Africa, there'sa type of
lizard that'sable to move beneath the surface, through the sand, very
quickly.Because this lizard can move so easily and so quickly underground, it doesn't have to travel on the surface, where it would be exposed to dangerously high temperatures.”
(段落大意:在炎热的沙哈拉沙漠,有一种蜥蜴,可以同过在“地表之下“快速运动、来躲避高温,在这种严酷的环境中生存下去。)在本题当中,对于熟悉题材的同学来说, 听到“harshclimate”等单词的时候, 就应该可以判断本题是《适应环境》的论点。一旦大家能够养成这种“迅速归类”的解题思路,对于题目的整体把握会有很明显的提高。这里还是给出一个范例答案:
Moving quickly underground is a common strategy of this lizard
and by doing that, it can manage to avoid being hurt by the harsh climate and dangerous sunlight.
这里需要说明一点是,在我们实际的托福口语生物类题材的考题中,所涉及的论点很有可能会超出我们今天提到的三大思路(不过今天提到的三个方面基本可以覆盖80%的考题),因此,同学们下来之后,不仅仅需要练习老师课上讲解的方法及思路,同样需要学会自己进行总结、减少自己的答题盲区。大家加油哦!
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