List of Headings(段落小标题配对)是雅思阅读中极具特色的题型,这种题目考察的就是学生们对段落大意的把控,以及对重点信息的敏感度。
总分结构(首句为主旨句)的段落相信大家都非常熟悉,很多科普性的文章都喜欢用到总分结构。如何确定该段是总分?其实,有很多段落都用“潜台词”的方式为大家指明了主旨就在句,疯狂暗示着:“别多想了,首句就是这段的主旨!”
潜台词一:段落第二句或后文出现 this / these / those 等指代词
雅思阅读盘点阅读中的潜台词!
如果在第二句和后文出现了指代词,并且指代的对象是句中所提到的话题时,那么这一段就是明显的总分结构了。比如这一段:
What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas. More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3500 million years, the water in the oceans. The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The quantity of gases ...
在这段里,第二句及后文中出现了句里出现过的词 gas,以及 this, the 这一类指代句信息的词,证明后文是在针对句进行展开讨论,那么这样的段落就是典型的总分结构。
潜台词二:设问句
设问句如果出现在段首,证明后文会针对这个问题进行回答,那很明显这一段的主旨都是在讨论这个问题了。因此这种结构如果出现可以三秒做出判断,而且百试不爽!比如下段:
So what the major contributing factors in the success of maths teaching? Clearly, attitudes are important. Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture; maths is recognised as an important compulsory subject throughout schooling; and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy.
这一段中,先提问日本数学成功的主要因素有哪些?后文 Clearly 开始就在对这个问题进行回答了,所以这一段的主旨是:The key to Japanese successes in maths education.
潜台词三:段落间有顺序(first / second / third ...)
如果相邻段落之间出现了、第二等顺序,意味着这几个段落互相之间其实是平级、独立的关系,因此每段都有自己独立的主旨。比如出现 first 的段落就在介绍是什么,出现 second 的段落就是在介绍第二……如果在文章中出现了这样的规律,看上去再复杂的段落也就被轻松掌握。比如我们看下面三段:
The first approach would consist of focusing on road transport solely through pricing. This option would not be accompanied by complementary measures in the other modes of transport ...
The second approach also concentrates on road transport pricing but is accompanied by measures to increase the efficiency of the other modes (better quality logistics, technology) ...
The third approach, which is not new, comprises a series of measures ranging from ... in the trans-European network ...
可以看出这两段分别在介绍种方法(first appproach)、第二种方法(second approach)和第三种方法(third approach),而对这三种方法的介绍也都统一放在段落句,因此这三段的主旨句都显而易见。段的主旨是:Restricting road use through charging policies alone;第二段的主旨是:Charging for road and improving other transport methods;第三段则是:Taking all the steps necessary to change transport patterns. 均和这三段的句(对 approach 的介绍)含义相一致。
看完以上三种“潜台词”,是不是茅塞顿开了呢?其实 List of Headings 题目并不可怕,可怕的是我们没有找到正确的方法,花太多时间,无头苍蝇一般地去反复读这个段落,却对显而易见的主旨视而不见。
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