"The Market for Lemons”是经济学家乔治·阿克洛夫1970年发表的一篇被广泛引用的论文，研究了在买卖双方信息不对称的情况下，市场上交易的商品质量如何逐渐下降，只留下“柠檬”。"The Market for Lemons" is a widely quoted paperpublished by economist George Akerlof in 1970.lt studies how the quality of commodities traded in the marketgradually declines under the condition of asymmetric Intormation buyers and leaving only "lemons".

　　在美国俚语中，“柠檬”指的是一辆在购买后被发现有缺陷的汽车。而“桃子"指的是那些质量较好的二手车。In American slang,"lemon" refers to a car that is found tobe defective after purchase. The "peach" refers to those usedcars with better quality.

　　”柠檬效应“经常发生在二手车市场里在二手车市场中，卖家比买家拥有更多的关于车辆真实价值的信息:买家了解自己车的的行程和经历，而买方却只能从这辆摩托的外形来作各种揣测，或者是从试驾的那一刻的感觉来推断。这导致购买者最多只愿意支付好车和坏车的平均价格，因为他知道自己有可能买到一辆"柠檬"车。这样一来，好车卖方慢慢便不再愿意把自己的“桃子”车投入市场。最后，市场上将只剩下大量的“柠檬”车。

　　The "lemon effectoften occurs in the used carmarket.

　　In the second-hand car market, sellers have moreinformation about the true value of the car than buyers:buyers know their car's journey and experience, while buyerscan only make various guesses from the shape of themotorcycle, or infer from the feeling at the moment of testdriving. This results in the buyer being at most willing to paythe average price of a good car and a bad car, because heknows he may buy a "lemon" car. In this way, good car sellersare slowly no longer willing to put their own "peach" cars intothe market.In the end, there were only "lemon" cars left inthe market.

　　Extract B Overconsumption of sugarIn the USA the recommended maximum amount of sugar consumption is 50 gramsper day. In the USA average consumption is 73 grams per day. The human body cancomfortably process 25 grams a day. However, any sugar consumption in excess of25 grams per day will normally be processed into body fat. This is contributing to obesity.One study found that a high suqar diet increased the risk of heart disease by 38%.Another study found that excess sugar consumption caused an increased risk of manvtypes of cancer. A further study found that men who consumed 67 grams or more ofsugar per day were 23% more likely to experience depression than men who consumedless than 40 grams per day

　　(d) With reference to Extract B, examine two possible effects of information gaps onthe consumption of sugar.

　　真题解析: 这道题目需要学生先写出information gap或是asymmetric information的定义，然后引用原材料进行分析和解释，例如: 生产者可能比消费者更了解糖消费所带来的影响，并且可能不会让公众意识到这一点，以避免失去消费者和其所带来的利润。

以上内容就是重庆新航道alevel教研中心老师给大家带来的A-level经济学培训教研课，更多alevel培训学习请在线咨询重庆新航道学校官网。